
The writing and reporting of assertions in tests
==================================================

.. _`assertfeedback`:
.. _`assert with the assert statement`:
.. _`assert`:


Asserting with the ``assert`` statement
---------------------------------------------------------

``pytest`` allows you to use the standard python ``assert`` for verifying
expectations and values in Python tests.  For example, you can write the
following::

    # content of test_assert1.py
    def f():
        return 3

    def test_function():
        assert f() == 4

to assert that your function returns a certain value. If this assertion fails
you will see the return value of the function call::

    $ pytest test_assert1.py
    =========================== test session starts ============================
    platform linux -- Python 3.x.y, pytest-3.x.y, py-1.x.y, pluggy-0.x.y
    rootdir: $REGENDOC_TMPDIR, inifile:
    collected 1 item

    test_assert1.py F                                                    [100%]

    ================================= FAILURES =================================
    ______________________________ test_function _______________________________

        def test_function():
    >       assert f() == 4
    E       assert 3 == 4
    E        +  where 3 = f()

    test_assert1.py:5: AssertionError
    ========================= 1 failed in 0.12 seconds =========================

``pytest`` has support for showing the values of the most common subexpressions
including calls, attributes, comparisons, and binary and unary
operators. (See :ref:`tbreportdemo`).  This allows you to use the
idiomatic python constructs without boilerplate code while not losing
introspection information.

However, if you specify a message with the assertion like this::

    assert a % 2 == 0, "value was odd, should be even"

then no assertion introspection takes places at all and the message
will be simply shown in the traceback.

See :ref:`assert-details` for more information on assertion introspection.

.. _`assertraises`:

Assertions about expected exceptions
------------------------------------------

In order to write assertions about raised exceptions, you can use
``pytest.raises`` as a context manager like this::

    import pytest

    def test_zero_division():
        with pytest.raises(ZeroDivisionError):
            1 / 0

and if you need to have access to the actual exception info you may use::

    def test_recursion_depth():
        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as excinfo:
            def f():
                f()
            f()
        assert 'maximum recursion' in str(excinfo.value)

``excinfo`` is a ``ExceptionInfo`` instance, which is a wrapper around
the actual exception raised.  The main attributes of interest are
``.type``, ``.value`` and ``.traceback``.

.. versionchanged:: 3.0

In the context manager form you may use the keyword argument
``message`` to specify a custom failure message::

     >>> with raises(ZeroDivisionError, message="Expecting ZeroDivisionError"):
     ...     pass
     ... Failed: Expecting ZeroDivisionError

If you want to write test code that works on Python 2.4 as well,
you may also use two other ways to test for an expected exception::

    pytest.raises(ExpectedException, func, *args, **kwargs)
    pytest.raises(ExpectedException, "func(*args, **kwargs)")

both of which execute the specified function with args and kwargs and
asserts that the given ``ExpectedException`` is raised.  The reporter will
provide you with helpful output in case of failures such as *no
exception* or *wrong exception*.

Note that it is also possible to specify a "raises" argument to
``pytest.mark.xfail``, which checks that the test is failing in a more
specific way than just having any exception raised::

    @pytest.mark.xfail(raises=IndexError)
    def test_f():
        f()

Using ``pytest.raises`` is likely to be better for cases where you are testing
exceptions your own code is deliberately raising, whereas using
``@pytest.mark.xfail`` with a check function is probably better for something
like documenting unfixed bugs (where the test describes what "should" happen)
or bugs in dependencies.

Also, the context manager form accepts a ``match`` keyword parameter to test
that a regular expression matches on the string representation of an exception
(like the ``TestCase.assertRaisesRegexp`` method from ``unittest``)::

    import pytest

    def myfunc():
        raise ValueError("Exception 123 raised")

    def test_match():
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=r'.* 123 .*'):
            myfunc()

The regexp parameter of the ``match`` method is matched with the ``re.search``
function. So in the above example ``match='123'`` would have worked as
well.


.. _`assertwarns`:

Assertions about expected warnings
-----------------------------------------

.. versionadded:: 2.8

You can check that code raises a particular warning using
:ref:`pytest.warns <warns>`.


.. _newreport:

Making use of context-sensitive comparisons
-------------------------------------------------

.. versionadded:: 2.0

``pytest`` has rich support for providing context-sensitive information
when it encounters comparisons.  For example::

    # content of test_assert2.py

    def test_set_comparison():
        set1 = set("1308")
        set2 = set("8035")
        assert set1 == set2

if you run this module::

    $ pytest test_assert2.py
    =========================== test session starts ============================
    platform linux -- Python 3.x.y, pytest-3.x.y, py-1.x.y, pluggy-0.x.y
    rootdir: $REGENDOC_TMPDIR, inifile:
    collected 1 item

    test_assert2.py F                                                    [100%]

    ================================= FAILURES =================================
    ___________________________ test_set_comparison ____________________________

        def test_set_comparison():
            set1 = set("1308")
            set2 = set("8035")
    >       assert set1 == set2
    E       AssertionError: assert {'0', '1', '3', '8'} == {'0', '3', '5', '8'}
    E         Extra items in the left set:
    E         '1'
    E         Extra items in the right set:
    E         '5'
    E         Use -v to get the full diff

    test_assert2.py:5: AssertionError
    ========================= 1 failed in 0.12 seconds =========================

Special comparisons are done for a number of cases:

* comparing long strings: a context diff is shown
* comparing long sequences: first failing indices
* comparing dicts: different entries

See the :ref:`reporting demo <tbreportdemo>` for many more examples.

Defining your own assertion comparison
----------------------------------------------

It is possible to add your own detailed explanations by implementing
the ``pytest_assertrepr_compare`` hook.

.. autofunction:: _pytest.hookspec.pytest_assertrepr_compare
   :noindex:

As an example consider adding the following hook in a :ref:`conftest.py <conftest.py>`
file which provides an alternative explanation for ``Foo`` objects::

   # content of conftest.py
   from test_foocompare import Foo
   def pytest_assertrepr_compare(op, left, right):
       if isinstance(left, Foo) and isinstance(right, Foo) and op == "==":
           return ['Comparing Foo instances:',
                   '   vals: %s != %s' % (left.val, right.val)]

now, given this test module::

   # content of test_foocompare.py
   class Foo(object):
       def __init__(self, val):
           self.val = val

       def __eq__(self, other):
           return self.val == other.val

   def test_compare():
       f1 = Foo(1)
       f2 = Foo(2)
       assert f1 == f2

you can run the test module and get the custom output defined in
the conftest file::

   $ pytest -q test_foocompare.py
   F                                                                    [100%]
   ================================= FAILURES =================================
   _______________________________ test_compare _______________________________

       def test_compare():
           f1 = Foo(1)
           f2 = Foo(2)
   >       assert f1 == f2
   E       assert Comparing Foo instances:
   E            vals: 1 != 2

   test_foocompare.py:11: AssertionError
   1 failed in 0.12 seconds

.. _assert-details:
.. _`assert introspection`:

Advanced assertion introspection
----------------------------------

.. versionadded:: 2.1


Reporting details about a failing assertion is achieved by rewriting assert
statements before they are run.  Rewritten assert statements put introspection
information into the assertion failure message.  ``pytest`` only rewrites test
modules directly discovered by its test collection process, so asserts in
supporting modules which are not themselves test modules will not be rewritten.

.. note::

   ``pytest`` rewrites test modules on import by using an import
   hook to write new ``pyc`` files. Most of the time this works transparently.
   However, if you are messing with import yourself, the import hook may
   interfere.

   If this is the case you have two options:

   * Disable rewriting for a specific module by adding the string
     ``PYTEST_DONT_REWRITE`` to its docstring.

   * Disable rewriting for all modules by using ``--assert=plain``.

   Additionally, rewriting will fail silently if it cannot write new ``.pyc`` files,
   i.e. in a read-only filesystem or a zipfile.


For further information, Benjamin Peterson wrote up `Behind the scenes of pytest's new assertion rewriting <http://pybites.blogspot.com/2011/07/behind-scenes-of-pytests-new-assertion.html>`_.

.. versionadded:: 2.1
   Add assert rewriting as an alternate introspection technique.

.. versionchanged:: 2.1
   Introduce the ``--assert`` option. Deprecate ``--no-assert`` and
   ``--nomagic``.

.. versionchanged:: 3.0
   Removes the ``--no-assert`` and ``--nomagic`` options.
   Removes the ``--assert=reinterp`` option.
